Table 7b: Percentage gap between p-HA and the other three proposed metaheuristics in Sets S, M, and L..

Metaheuristic

SET S

SET M

Set L

m-VND

2.20%

2.95%

3.51%

m-HA

2.61%

3.36%

4.05%

p-VND

3.81%

4.32%

4.70%