Table 2: Comparison of present artificial muscle method with different methods.
Type |
Swelling ratio |
Response time (s) |
Strain (%)-Actuation stress (Mpa) |
Ref |
Present method |
0.1-1 |
0.5-3 |
0.3E + 02 0.4E + 00 |
- |
Real muscle |
0.1-1 |
0.5-3 |
0.39E + 02 0.34E + 00 |
[34] |
Pneumatic A. M. |
1-1.5 |
0.5-3 |
0.11E + 03 0.11E + 01 |
[34] |
Hydrogels (PH) |
0.2-10 |
60-300 |
0.17E + 03 0.13E + 01 to 0.89E + 03 0.14E + 01 |
|
Hydrogels (Temp.) |
0.2-1.5 |
300-1200 |
||
Hydrogels (Electricity) |
0.3-47 |
7-1843 |
||
Hydrogels (Magnetic) |
1.06-1.32 |
- |
||
Hydrogels (light) |
0.1-1 |
1000 s |
||
Electroactive polymers |
0.1-1 |
1-3 |
0.10E + 03 0.38E + 00 |
|
Shape memory alloys |
0.1< |
1-10 |
0.72E + 01 0.69E + 03 |
|
Elastomer |
0.1-1 |
160> |
0.10E + 03 0.13E + 01 |
[34] |
Hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) |
0.1-1 |
0.5-3 |
0.16E + 02 0.3E + 00 |
|
Type |
Adv. |
Dis adv. |
Ref |
|
Present method |
Swelling ration and response time can be adjusted according to demand Without need high voltage or electricity for actuation Low weight and high output power Act like human muscle |
Need sub system to be actuated such as GOP |
- |
|
Pneumatic A. M. |
Adv. similar to present work but need electricity for actuation |
High weight (with account of compressor) Noise pollution |
[11] |
|
Hydrogels |
Can be extended to different modes
|
Long response time |
||
Electroactive polymers |
Single self-contained mechanism |
Need high voltage |
[9] |
|
Shape memory alloys |
Single self-contained mechanism |
Need heating and cooling |
[49] |
|
Elastomer |
Single self-contained mechanism |
Long response time |
[34] |
|
HASEL |
Act like human muscle Single self-contained mechanism |
Need high voltage |
[50] |