International Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Methods
(ISSN: 2633-8912)
Volume 1, Issue 1
Research Article
DOI: 10.35840/ijabm/2403
Study of Anti-Cancer Properties of Thin Layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanostructure
Alireza Heidari1,2*, Jennifer Esposito1 and Angela Caissutti1
Table of Content
Figures
Figure 1: SEM images of thin layers of Cadmium...
SEM images of thin layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) for samples prepared in various volumes.
Figure 2: XRD spectrums of Cadmium Oxide...
XRD spectrums of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) layers with various volumes of solution.
Figure 3: Passing optical absorption spectrums...
Passing optical absorption spectrums of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) thin layers grew up in various volumes.
Figure 4: Absorption spectrums of under...
Absorption spectrums of under studied samples in terms of wavelength.
Figure 5: Analysis of optical spectrums data as...
Analysis of optical spectrums data as a function of photon energy. The attached figure shows band gap of layers.
Figure 7: Current-voltage curve for samples...
Current-voltage curve for samples subjected to visible light.
Figure 8: Passed electrical current through...
Passed electrical current through investigated samples.
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- A Heidari (2018) Fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence spectroscopy and luminescence spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. SM J Clin Med Imaging 4: 1018.
- A Heidari (2018) Nuclear Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy (NISS) and Nuclear Inelastic Absorption Spectroscopy (NIAS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Int J Pharm Sci 2: 1-14.
- A Heidari (2018) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction (EDXRD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. J Oncol Res 2: 1-14.
- A Heidari (2018) Correlation two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Reso¬nance (NMR) (2D-NMR) (COSY) imaging and spectrosco¬py comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. EMS Can Sci.
- A Heidari (2018) Thermal spectroscopy, photothermal spectroscopy, thermal microspectroscopy, photothermal microspectroscopy, thermal macrospectroscopy and photothermal macrospectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. SM J Biometrics Biostat 3: 1024.
- A Heidari (2018) A modern and comprehensive experimental biospectroscopic comparative study on human common cancers' cells, tissues and tumors before and after synchrotron radiation therapy. Open Acc J Oncol Med 1.
- A Heidari (2018) Heteronuclear Correlation Experiments such as Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HMQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human endocrinology and thyroid cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. J Endocrinol Thyroid Res 3: 555603.
- A Heidari (2018) Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy (NRVS), Nuclear Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy (NISS), Nuclear Inelastic Absorption Spectroscopy (NIAS) and Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Spectroscopy (NRIXSS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Int J Bioorg Chem Mol Biol 6: 1-5.
- A Heidari (2018) A novel and modern experimental approach to vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy and video spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under white and monochromatic synchrotron radiation. Glob J Endocrinol Metab 1.
- A Heidari (2018) Pros and Cons Controversy on heteronuclear correlation experiments such as Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HMQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. EMS Pharma J 1: 002-008.
- A Heidari (2018) A modern comparative and comprehensive experimental biospectroscopic study on different types of infrared spectroscopy of malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. J Analyt Molecul Tech 3: 8.
- A Heidari (2048) Investigation of cancer types using synchrotron technology for proton beam therapy: An experimental biospectroscopic comparative study. European Modern Studies Journal 2: 13-29.
- A Heidari (2018) Saturated spectroscopy and unsaturated spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Imaging J Clin Medical Sci 5: 001-007.
- A Heidari (2018) Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction (WAXD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Int J Bioorg Chem Mol Biol 6: 1-6.
- A Heidari (2018) Investigation of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver, lung cancer, melanoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer using synchrotron technology for proton beam therapy: An experimental biospectroscopic comparative study. Ther Res Skin Dis 1.
- A Heidari (2018) Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, Micro-Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (Micro-ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy and Macro-Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (Macro-ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. International Journal of Chemistry Papers 2: 1-12.
- A Heidari (2018) Mössbauer spectroscopy, mössbauer emission spectroscopy and 57Fe mössbauer spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Acta Scientific Cancer Biology 2.3: 17-20.
- A Heidari (2018) Comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ 6: 555676.
- A Heidari (2018) Correlation spectroscopy, exclusive correlation spectroscopy and total correlation spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human aids-related cancers cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Int J Bioanal Biomed 2: 001-007.
- A Heidari (2018) Biomedical instrumentation and applications of biospectroscopic methods and techniques in malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues studies under synchrotron radiation and anti-cancer nano drugs delivery. Am J Nanotechnol Nanomed 1: 001-009.
- A Heidari (2018) Vivo 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Ann Biomet Biostat 1: 1001.
- A Heidari (2018) Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS) and Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation. Ann Cardiovasc Surg 1: 1006.
- A Heidari (2018) Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNTs), Amorphous Boron Nitride Nanotubes (a-BNNTs) and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanotubes (h-BNNTs) for eliminating carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, germ cell tumor and blastoma cancer cells and tissues. Clin Med Rev Case Rep 5: 201.
- A Heidari (2018) Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY), Incredible Natural-Abundance Double-Quantum Transfer Experiment (INADEQUATE), Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) and Rotating Frame Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (ROESY) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 30-35.
- A Heidari (2018) Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (USAXS), Fluctuation X-Ray Scattering (FXS), Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS), Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (GIWAXS), Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction (WAXD), Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXD) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction (EDXRD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Oncol Res Rev 1: 1-10.
- A Heidari (2018) Pump-probe spectroscopy and transient grating spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Adv Material Sci Engg 2: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (GISAXS) and Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (GIWAXS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Insights Pharmacol Pharm Sci 1: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2018) Acoustic spectroscopy, acoustic resonance spectroscopy and auger spectroscopy comparative study on anti-cancer nano drugs delivery in malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Nanosci Technol 5: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2018) Niobium, Technetium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Hafnium, Rhenium, Osmium and Iridium Ions Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Nanomed Nanotechnol 3: 000138.
- A Heidari (2018) Homonuclear Correlation Experiments such as Homonuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Homonuclear Multiple-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HMQC) and Homonuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Austin J Proteomics Bioinform & Genomics 5: 1024.
- A Heidari (2018) Atomic Force Microscopy Based Infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng 5: 142-148.
- A Heidari (2018) Time-dependent vibrational spectral analysis of malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. J Cancer Oncol 2: 000124.
- A Heidari (2018) Palauamine and olympiadane nano molecules incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Arc Org Inorg Chem Sci 3.
- R Gobato, A Heidari (2018) Infrared spectrum and sites of action of sanguinarine by molecular mechanics and ab initio methods. International Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 2: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2018) Angelic acid, diabolic acids, draculin and miraculin nano molecules incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Med & Analy Chem Int J 2: 000111.
- A Heidari (2018) Gamma Linolenic Methyl Ester, 5-Heptadeca-5,8,11-Trienyl 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-Thiol, Sulphoquinovosyl Diacyl Glycerol, Ruscogenin, Nocturnoside B, Protodioscine B, Parquisoside-B, Leiocarposide, Narangenin, 7-Methoxy Hespertin, Lupeol, Rosemariquinone, Rosmanol and Rosemadiol Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Int J Pharma Anal Acta 2: 007-014.
- A Heidari (2018) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, Micro-Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (Micro-ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, Macro-Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (Macro-ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy, linear two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, non-linear two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy Based Infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy, infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, infrared correlation table spectroscopy, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (MIRS), nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy, thermal infrared spectroscopy and photothermal infrared spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-14.
- A Heidari (2018) Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Chronicle of Medicine and Surgery 2: 144-156.
- A Heidari (2018) Tetrakis [3, 5-bis (Trifluoromethyl) Phenyl] Borate (BARF)-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) Nano Molecules. Medical Research and Clinical Case Reports 2: 113-126.
- A Heidari (2018) Sydnone, münchnone, montréalone, mogone, montelukast, quebecol and palau'amine-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) Nano Molecules. Sur Cas Stud Op Acc J 1.
- A Heidari (2018) Fornacite, orotic acid, rhamnetin, Sodium Ethyl Xanthate (SEX) and spermine (spermidine or polyamine) nanomolecules incorporation into the Nanopolymeric Matrix (NPM). International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules 4: 1-19.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2018) Putrescine, cadaverine, spermine and Spermidine-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Parana Journal of Science and Education (PJSE) 4: 1-14.
- A Heidari (2018) Cadaverine (1,5-Pentanediamine or Pentamethylenediamine), Diethyl Azodicarboxylate (DEAD or DEADCAT) and Putrescine (Tetramethylenediamine) Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as Molecular Enzymes and Drug Targets for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations. Hiv and Sexual Health Open Access Open Journal 1: 4-11.
- A Heidari (2018) Improving the performance of nano-endofullerenes in polyaniline nanostructure-based biosensors by covering californium colloidal nanoparticles with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Advances in Nanomaterials 3: 1-28.
- R Gobato, A Heidari (2018) Molecular mechanics and quantum chemical study on sites of action of sanguinarine using vibrational spectroscopy based on molecular mechanics and quantum chemical calculations. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 20: 1-23.
- A Heidari (2018) Vibrational biospectroscopic studies on anti-cancer nanopharmaceuticals (Part I). Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 20: 33-73.
- A Heidari (2018) Vibrational biospectroscopic studies on anti-cancer nanopharmaceuticals (Part II). Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 20: 74-117.
- A Heidari (2018) Uranocene (U(C8H8)2) and Bis(Cyclooctatetraene)Iron (Fe(C8H8)2 or Fe(COT)2)-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) Nano Molecules. Chemistry Reports 1: 1-16.
- A Heidari (2018) Biomedical systematic and emerging technological study on human malignant and benign cancer cells and tissues biospectroscopic analysis under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) Deep-level transient spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Res Dev Material Sci 7.
- A Heidari (2018) C70-Carboxyfullerenes nano molecules incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) The effect of temperature on Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles produced by synchrotron radiation in the human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 6: 140-156.
- A Heidari (2018) A Clinical and Molecular Pathology Investigation of Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY), Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations using cyclotron versus synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for delivery of proton and helium ion (charged particle) beams for oncology radiotherapy. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 5: 414-426.
- A Heidari (2018) Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. J Oncol Res 1: 1-20.
- A Heidari (2018) Use of molecular enzymes in the treatment of chronic disorders. Canc Oncol Open Access J 1: 12-15.
- A Heidari (2018) Vibrational biospectroscopic study and chemical structure analysis of unsaturated polyamides nanoparticles as anti-cancer polymeric nanomedicines using synchrotron radiation. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 6: 167-189.
- A Heidari (2018) Adamantane, irene, naftazone and pyridine-enhanced precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (PEPPSI) nano molecules. Madridge J Nov Drug Res 2: 61-67.
- A Heidari (2018) Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Madridge J Nov Drug Res 2: 68-74.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2018) A novel approach to reduce toxicities and to improve bioavailabilities of DNA/RNA of Human Cancer Cells-Containing Cocaine (Coke), Lysergide (Lysergic Acid Diethyl Amide or LSD), Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [(-)-trans-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol], Theobromine (Xantheose), Caffeine, Aspartame (APM) (NutraSweet) and Zidovudine (ZDV) [Azidothymidine (AZT)] as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs by coassembly of dual anti-cancer nano drugs to Inhibit DNA/RNA of human cancer cells drug resistance. Parana Journal of Science and Education 4: 1-17.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2018) Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Parana Journal of Science and Education 4: 18-33.
- R Gobato, A Heidari, A Mitra (2018) The creation of C13H20BeLi2SeSi. The proposal of a bio-inorganic molecule, using Ab initio methods for the genesis of a nano membrane. Arc Org Inorg Chem Sci 3.
- R Gobato, A Heidari (2018) Using the quantum chemistry for genesis of a nano biomembrane with a combination of the elements Be, Li, Se, Si, C and H. J Nanomed Res 7: 241-252.
- A Heidari (2018) Bastadins and Bastaranes-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) Fucitol, Pterodactyladiene, DEAD or DEADCAT (DiEthyl AzoDiCArboxylaTe), Skatole, the NanoPutians, Thebacon, Pikachurin, Tie Fighter, Spermidine and Mirasorvone Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-8.
- E Dadvar, A Heidari (2018) A review on separation techniques of Graphene Oxide (GO)/base on hybrid polymer membranes for eradication of dyes and oil compounds: Recent progress in Graphene Oxide (GO)/base on polymer membranes-related nanotechnologies. Clin Med Rev Case Rep 5: 228.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2018) First-Time Simulation of Deoxyuridine Monophosphate (dUMP) (Deoxyuridylic Acid or Deoxyuridylate) and Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol (DON)) ((3α,7α)-3,7,15-Trihydroxy-12,13-Epoxytrichothec-9-En-8-One)-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Parana Journal of Science and Education 4: 46-67.
- A Heidari (2018) Buckminsterfullerene (Fullerene), Bullvalene, Dickite and Josiphos Ligands Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human hematology and thromboembolic diseases prevention, diagnosis and treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) Fluctuation X-Ray Scattering (FXS) and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) A novel approach to Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY), Incredible Natural-Abundance Double-Quantum Transfer Experiment (INADEQUATE), Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) and Rotating Frame Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (ROESY) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2018) Terphenyl-Based Reversible Receptor with Rhodamine, Rhodamine-Based Molecular Probe, Rhodamine-Based Using the Spirolactam Ring Opening, Rhodamine B with Ferrocene Substituent, Calix[4]Arene-Based Receptor, Thioether + Aniline-Derived Ligand Framework Linked to a Fluorescein Platform, Mercuryfluor-1 (Flourescent Probe), N,N'-Dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-Tetraraoxa-7,16-Diazacyclooctadecane and Terphenyl-Based Reversible Receptor with Pyrene and Quinoline as the Fluorophores-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2018) Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Spectroscopy (NRIXSS) and Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy (NRVS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (USAXS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
- A Heidari (2018) Curious Chloride (CmCl3) and Titanic Chloride (TiCl4)-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules for cancer treatment and cellular therapeutics. J Cancer Research and Therapeutic Interventions 1: 01-10.
- R Gobato, MRR Gobato, A Heidari, A Mitra (2018) Spectroscopy and dipole moment of the molecule C13H20BeLi2SeSi via quantum chemistry using Ab Initio, Hartree-Fock Method in the Base Set CC-pVTZ and 6-311G**(3df, 3pd). Arc Org Inorg Chem Sci 3: 402-409.
- A Heidari (2018) C60 and C70-Encapsulating Carbon Nanotubes Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Integr Mol Med 5: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2018) Two-Dimensional (2D) 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2018) FT-Raman Spectroscopy, Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) and Raman Optical Activity Spectroscopy (ROAS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2018) A modern and comprehensive investigation of Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors through optimizing synchrotron microbeam radiotherapy for human cancer treatments and diagnostics: An experimental biospectroscopic comparative study. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2018) A hypertension approach to thermal infrared spectroscopy and photothermal infrared spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2018) 2-Amino-9-((1S, 3R, 4R)-4-Hydroxy-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylenecyclopentyl)-1H-Purin-6(9H)-One, 2-Amino-9-((1R, 3R, 4R)-4-Hydroxy-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylenecyclopentyl)-1H-Purin-6(9H)-One, 2-Amino-9-((1R, 3R, 4S)-4-Hydroxy-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylenecyclopentyl)-1H-Purin-6(9H)-One and 2-Amino-9-((1S, 3R, 4S)-4-Hydroxy-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylenecyclopentyl)-1H-Purin-6(9H)-One-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation nano molecules. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2018) Production of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor Using Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites for detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors. Int J Med Nano Res 5.
- A Heidari (2018) Enhancing the raman scattering for diagnosis and treatment of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors using Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles. J Toxicol Risk Assess 4.
- A Heidari (2018) Human malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues biospectroscopic analysis under synchrotron radiation using anti-cancer nano drugs delivery. Integr Mol Med 5: 1-13.
- A Heidari (2018) Analogous nano compounds of the form M(C8H8)2 Exist for M = (Nd, Tb, Pu, Pa, Np, Th, and Yb)-Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Integr Mol Med 5: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2018) Hadron spectroscopy, baryon spectroscopy and meson spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Integr Mol Med 5: 1-8.
- R Gobato, MRR Gobato, A Heidari (2019) Raman spectroscopy study of the nano molecule C13H20BeLi2SeSi using Ab initio and Hartree-Fock Methods in the Basis Set CC-pVTZ and 6-311G** (3df, 3pd). International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science 7: 14-35.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2019) Evaluating the effect of anti-cancer nano drugs dosage and reduced leukemia and polycythemia vera levels on trend of the human blood and bone marrow cancers under synchrotron radiation. Trends in Res 2: 1-8.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2019) Assessing the variety of synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and LASER radiations and their roles and applications in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors diagnosis and treatment. Trends in Res 2: 1-8.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2019) Pros and cons controversy on malignant human cancer cells, tissues and tumors transformation process to benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. Trends in Res 2: 1-8.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2019) Three-Dimensional (3D) simulations of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors for using in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors diagnosis and treatment as a powerful tool in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors research and anti-cancer nano drugs sensitivity and delivery area discovery and evaluation. Trends in Res 2: 1-8.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2019) Investigation of energy production by synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and LASER radiations in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors and evaluation of their effective on human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment trend. Trends in Res 2: 1-8.
- A Heidari, R Gobato (2019) High-Resolution Mapping of DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation process in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation. Trends in Res 2: 1-9.
- A Heidari (2019) A novel and comprehensive study on manufacturing and fabrication nanoparticles methods and techniques for processing Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles colloidal solution. Glob Imaging Insights 4: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2019) A combined experimental and computational study on the catalytic effect of Aluminum Nitride Nanocrystal (AlN) on the polymerization of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, chrysene and tetracene. Glob Imaging Insights 4: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2019) Novel Experimental and Three-Dimensional (3D) multiphysics computational framework of michaelis-menten kinetics for catalyst processes innovation, characterization and carrier applications. Glob Imaging Insights 4: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2019) The Hydrolysis Constants of Copper (I) (Cu+) and Copper (II) (Cu2+) in aqueous solution as a function of pH using a combination of ph measurement and biospectroscopic methods and techniques. Glob Imaging Insights 4: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2019) Vibrational biospectroscopic study of ginormous virus-sized macromolecule and polypeptide macromolecule as mega macromolecules using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and mathematica 11.3. Glob Imaging Insights 4: 1-8.
- A Heidari (2019) Three-Dimensional (3D) imaging spectroscopy of carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, melanoma, brain and spinal cord tumors, germ cell tumors, neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid tumors under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 4: 1-9.
- R Gobato, MRR Gobato, A Heidari (2019) Storm Vortex in the Center of Paraná State on June 6, 2017: A case study. Sumerianz Journal of Scientific Research 2: 24-31.
- R Gobato, MRR Gobato, A Heidari (2019) Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy Study of the Nano Molecule C 13 H 20 BeLi 2 SeSi Using ab initio and Hartree-Fock Methods in the Basis Set RHF/CC- pVTZ and RHF/6-311G** (3df, 3pd): An experimental challenge to chemists. Chemistry Reports 2: 1-26.
- R Gobato, MRR Gobato, A Heidari, A Mitra (2019) New Nano-Molecule Kurumi- C 13 H 20 BeLi 2 SeSi/C 13 H 19 BeLi 2 SeSi, and Raman Spectroscopy Using ab initio, Hartree- Fock Method in the Base Set CC-pVTZ and 6-311G** (3df, 3pd). J Anal Pharm Res 8: 1-6.
Author Details
Alireza Heidari1,2*, Jennifer Esposito1 and Angela Caissutti1
1Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, USA
2American International Standards Institute, USA
Corresponding author
Alireza Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604; American International Standards Institute, Irvine, CA 3800, USA.
Accepted: March 16, 2019 | Published Online: March 18, 2019
Citation: Heidari A, Esposito J, Caissutti A (2019) Study of Anti-Cancer Properties of Thin Layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanostructure. Int J Analyt Bioanalyt Methods 1:003.
Copyright: © 2019 Heidari A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Thin layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) with various volumes of Cadmium acetate solution (60, 80 and 90 ml) were deposited using spray pyrolysis technique over a glassy substrate. Samples were investigated using FESEM images, XRD and UV-V is spectra as well as I-V characteristic. It was found that all samples were grown up with polycrystalline nanostructures along the preferred direction of (002). In addition, it was found that grew up samples in the volume of 80 (ml) are of optimum anti-cancer properties condition in visible range regarding optimum structural (largest crystallite size and lowest crystallite defect density) and optical (smallest band gap and highest light absorption) conditions.
Keywords
Cadmium Oxide (CdO), Spray pyrolysis technique, Anti-cancer properties, Nanostructure, Visible light, Thin layers
Introduction
Cadmium Oxide (CdO) is one of the rare inherent semi-conductors of type P with a narrow band gap of about 1.5-2.5 (eV) which has a monoclinic structure with limited transparency in the region of visible light [1-23]. Thin layers of this material are frequently dark brown to black. This darkness is due to narrow band gap and direct transitions between bands [24-84]. This fact leads to high absorption of visible light and can be used in optical pieces such as solar cells. In addition, this material is considered due to abundance of raw material, non-toxicity, easy production and ability to change and optimizing its physical properties using various physical and chemical methods such as chemical vapor deposition [85-127], spray pyrolysis [128-153] and so on. This material is one of the important mineral oxides for applying in pieces such as solar cells, electrochromic pieces and gaseous sensors due to its availability, high absorption rate and low cost [154-183].
A good question is, "Why don't our bodies recognize and remove cancer cells as they would, say a bacteria or virus?" The answer is that most cancer cells are indeed detected and removed by our immune systems. Cells in our immune cells called natural killer cells have the job of finding cells that have become abnormal so that they can be removed by other cells in our immune system. Cancer cells remain alive either by evading detection or by inactivating the immune cells that come to the scene [146,184-195].
The ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells is thought to be responsible for the uncommon but well-documented phenomena of some cancers going away without treatment of (the spontaneous remission of cancer). This process also lies at the crux of the new field of cancer treatment known as immunotherapy [196-200].
Precancerous cells may look abnormal and similar to cancer cells but are distinguished from cancer cells by their behavior. Unlike cancer cells, precancerous cells do not have the ability to spread (metastasize) to other regions of the body [191,197,201-208].
An often confusing condition is that of carcinoma-in-situ (CIS). Carcinoma in situ consists of cells with the abnormal changes found in cancer cells, but since they have not spread beyond their original location (or technically, have not gone beyond something called the basement membrane), they are not technically cancer. Since CIS can turn into cancer, it is usually treated as early cancer [209-222].
In the current research, cost effective spray pyrolysis technique was used to investigate anti-cancer properties of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) thin layers with various volumes of spray solution.
Samples Preparation
To prepare thin layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO), Cadmium acetate powder was solved in deionized water and 0.35 (M) Cadmium acetate solutions was prepared. Then, this solution was sprayed over glassy substrate in various volumes (60, 80, 90 ml) - corresponding to samples of S1, S2, S3 - to prepare the considered layers. It is expected that in pyrolysis process, the following chemical reaction mechanism happens [5]:
Cd(CH2COO)2.H2O + H2O → CdO + 2CH3COOH + H2O
During each step, cleaned substrates were heated up to 570 (℃) in spray device and then, solution was sprayed under air pressure (2.6 bar). In this process, distance of sprays from substrates was 55 (cm).
Structural analysis of samples was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) device (XRD; Brucker AXS) with CuKα spectral line emission (1.5405 Ǻ) and the surface morphology of samples were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM Hitachi S.4160). Optical characteristics of layers were measured using passed and absorbed spectra by optical spectroscopy (Shimadzu UV-Vis 1800) in the range of 200-1200 (nm).
Surface Morphology
Figure 1 shows SEM images of samples in the scales of 1 micron and 1000 (nm). Although the images for S1 and S3 samples show uniform surface along with some grains with 1 and 500 (nm), respectively, S2 sample is of porous surface along with woven fibers and mud-like particles that differentiate it from two other samples.
Structural and Physical Properties
XRD spectrums of samples are shown in Figure 2. Diffraction curves of samples indicate that they are of polycrystalline structure with monoclinic structure and principal planes of (002) and (111) located at angles of 39.23° and 43.84°. The results indicate that S2 sample with solution volume of 80 (ml) is of weaker peaks at directions of (202) and (020) at angles of 58.91° and 63.56°, respectively. The presence of these peaks along with relative intensity of the major peaks indicates that crystalline structure improves compared to other samples.
For more accurate investigation of structural properties, crystallite size (D), dislocation density (δ) and crystalline strains (ε) are calculated [5]:
Where, β is half width at full maximum, D is crystallite size, θ is Brug angle and λ is X-Ray wavelength. Results of these calculations are listed in Table 1.
Optical Properties
Figure 3 shows optical passing spectrum of the under studied layers. It can be seen that in visible region of 200-900 (nm), S2 sample and S3 sample are of the lowest and highest passing, respectively. These variations may be largely due to relative electrical conductivity of layers (Section 4) which is effective is relative amount of metal-like and or insulator-like of layers.
According to the reported results, Cadmium Oxide (CdO) layers are acted as a semiconductor with direct transition between bands so that during these transitions, absorption coefficient is a function of incident photon energy. Figure 4 shows the variations of absorption spectra of layers against wavelength.
Since Cadmium Oxide (CdO) is a semiconductor with direct transitions between bands, to determine optical band gap of samples, (ahν)2 is drawn against hν and data is extrapolated in linear region of high energy with horizontal axis as a = 0. Figure 5 shows this curve in order to determine direct optical band gap and the attached figure shows the results obtained from this analysis related to band gap amounts. The results indicate that the sample with largest crystallite size (S2) has the smallest band gap (2.01 eV) and the sample with smallest crystallite size (S3) has the largest band gap (2.27 eV) which can be a reason for happening a quantum limitation in these samples.
Electrical Properties
Figure 6 shows current - voltage curve of these samples. The results indicate that sample S2 has the highest electrical conductivity (metal-like property) while sample S3 has the lowest one (isolator-like property). This is in good agreement with optical transition behavior of layers.
Anti-Cancer Properties
To investigate anti-cancer properties of samples, the under studied samples were placed under visible light emission (halogen lamp). Figure 7 shows current - voltage curve of samples under light. As can be observed, all three samples are reacted to the light and after emission, more electrical current passed through samples. This is an expected event due to producing electron - hole pairs in layers as a result of optical photon emission in hν > Eg. In order to compare optical sensitivity of these samples, the passed electrical current through samples in voltage of 4.5 (V) in darkness and under visible light emission are shown in Figure 8. As can be seen, sample S2 is of highest relative change of electrical current (ILight/IDark = 15) and sample S3 is of lowest one (= 7). These variations may be due to the effect of various factors such as optical absorption, band gap, crystallite size and crystalline obliquity in the investigated layer.
Results and Discussion
Cancer cells are usually formed after a series of mutations cause them to become increasingly abnormal. These mutations are either inherited or more often, caused by carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) in our environment. That cancer is caused by not one but several mutations explain why cancer is more common in older people and why it is often multifactorial (meaning there are several factors that work together to cause cancer). It also helps explain a genetic predisposition to cancer. A genetic predisposition does not mean you will get cancer, but, simplistically, if a few mutations are already in place, it will likely take fewer acquired mutations for a cell to become cancerous.
The process of normal cells becoming cancer often goes through stages in which the cell becomes progressively more abnormal appearing. These stages may include hyperplasia, dysplasia, and finally cancer. You may also hear this described as differentiation. Early on a cell may look much like normal cells of that organ or tissue, but as progression occurs, the cell becomes increasingly undifferentiated. This is, in fact, why sometimes the original source of cancer cannot be determined.
A cancer cell can have thousands of mutations, but only a certain number of these genetic changes in cancer cells cause cancer to divide and grow. Mutations which result in the growth of the cancer cells are referred to as "driver mutations", whereas other mutations are considered "passenger mutations". The term "oncogenes" refers to genes that drive the growth of cancer and give cancer its immortality. Tumor suppressor genes, in contrast, are genes within the cell which tell cells to slow down and stop growing, repair damaged DNA/RNA, or tell cells when to die. Most cancer cells have mutations in both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes which lead to their behavior.
Conclusion and Summary
The thin layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanostructures were deposited using spray pyrolysis technique with various volumes of spray solution over a glassy substrate. FESEM images indicate that surface morphology of samples are dependent on the variations of solution volume and XRD spectrum of layers indicate that polycrystalline structures are grew up in preferred direction of (002). Data analysis indicates that at solution volume of 80 (ml), crystallite size and crystallite defect densities are optimum and anti-cancer properties are improved. In visible light region, layers are of low optical transition and of optical band gap between 2.01-2.27 (eV) so that sample S2 has the lowest band gap among all samples. The obtained results indicate that band gap variations in these samples are controlled by crystallite size and under the effect of happening a quantum limitation. Anti-cancer properties results indicate that sample S2 is of highest optical sensitivity to visible light.
Acknowledgements
Authors are supported by an American International Standards Institute (AISI) Future Fellowship Grant FT1201009373467. We acknowledge Ms. Isabelle Villena for instrumental support and Dr. Michael N. Cocchi for constructing Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 5. We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Dr. Christopher Brown for proof reading the manuscript.